1. Hyperventilation
May be fast (>20/min) or deep (hyperpnoea). May be due to panic attacks (hyperventilation syndrome), severe metabolic acidosis (Kussmaul breathing) or pontine lesions (neurogenic hyperventilation)
a. Hyperventilation syndrome - panic attacks associated with hyperventilation, paraesthesiae, dizziness, palpitations
b. Kussmaul breathing - deep sighing breaths to blow off excess CO2 in severe metabolic acidosis
c. Neurogenic hyperventilation - pontine lesions
2. Cheyne-stokes breathing
Breaths get deeper and deeper, then shallower (+/- apnoea), in cycles.
Due to brainstem lesions or compression, poor circulation to brain (e.g. from decreased cardiac output) or opioids
May be fast (>20/min) or deep (hyperpnoea). May be due to panic attacks (hyperventilation syndrome), severe metabolic acidosis (Kussmaul breathing) or pontine lesions (neurogenic hyperventilation)
a. Hyperventilation syndrome - panic attacks associated with hyperventilation, paraesthesiae, dizziness, palpitations
b. Kussmaul breathing - deep sighing breaths to blow off excess CO2 in severe metabolic acidosis
c. Neurogenic hyperventilation - pontine lesions
2. Cheyne-stokes breathing
Breaths get deeper and deeper, then shallower (+/- apnoea), in cycles.
Due to brainstem lesions or compression, poor circulation to brain (e.g. from decreased cardiac output) or opioids